| Abbreviation | Full form | Explanation | Example | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st. p. | first person | speaker | I, me | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd. p. | second person | hearer | you | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd.p. | third person | neither speaker nor hearer | he, him, she, her, it, they, them | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| acc. | accusative | direct object case | redzu meiteni 'I see the girl' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| act. | active voice | verb form, used when refering to doer of action | cēlis (past active pple) 'having lifted' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| caus. | causative | verb suffix ‑in; indicates causation | dancot 'to dance'; causative: dancināt 'to make (someone) dance' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cond. | conditional/subjunctive | conditional or subjunctive form of verb; suffix ‑tu
darītu
'would do'
| dat.
| dative
| indirect object case; usually recipient of action
| iedevu meitenei 'I gave it to the girl'
|
def.
| definite
|
adjective ending which marks certain, previously mentioned item or person
|
lielais
katls 'the big pot'
|
dim.
|
diminutive
|
suffix
indicates smallness, or endearment; suffix ‑iņ, ‑īt, ‑ēn, etc.
|
galds
'table'
galdiņš
'small table/dear table'
|
emph.
|
emphatic
|
emphatic
form of verb
| rāja 'scolded'; emphatic: rātin rāja 'scolded (intensively, with vigour)'
|
fem.
| feminine
|
feminine
gender
|
saimniece
'housewife'
| fut.
| future
|
future
tense of verb
|
rakstīšu
'I will write'
|
gen.
| genitive
|
possessive
case
|
meitenes cimds 'girl's glove'; | mājas jumts 'the roof of the house'
imp.
| imperative
|
command
form of verb
|
skrien! 'Run!'
| indecl.
| indeclinable
| verb participle form (ending in ‑ot, ‑am, or ‑ām, )
which doesn't change for different persons
|
es, lasot,
iemācījos 'reading, I learned';
viņš, lasot, iemācījās 'reading, he learned'
| indef.
| indefinite
| lack of a definite ending on an adjective marks it as indefinite
| liels katls 'a big pot'
|
inf.
| infinitive
|
infinitive
verb form; ends in ‑t
|
redzēt
'to see'
| loc.
| locative
| noun or adjective case which indicates location
|
mājā
'in/into the house'; | tirgū 'at the market'
masc.
| masculine
| masculine gender
|
saimnieks
'householder (male)'
|
nom.
| nominative
|
subject
case
|
meitene
nāk 'The girl is coming'
| pass.
| passive voice
| verb form, used when referring to target of action
| celts 'having been lifted' (past passive pple.)
| pl.
| plural
| more than one
| suņi
'dogs'; meitenes 'girls'
| ppl.
| participle
| verbal form; used in complex tenses, or adjectivally (as a noun modifier)
|
bungodams
'drumming' (pres.ppl.masc.nom.sg.);
jājis
'ridden' (pst.ppl.masc.nom.sg.)
| pres.
| present
| present tense of verb
| rakstu 'I am writing'
| pst.
| past
|
past tense
of verb
| rakstīju
'I wrote'
| refl.
| reflexive
|
reflexive form of verb: refers to oneself
| kasīt 'to scratch'; reflexive: kasīties 'to scratch oneself'
| sg.
| singular
| only one
| suns 'dog'
| voc.
| vocative
| case of direct address
| Jāni, nāc! 'John, come!'
| |
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Last revised September 18, 2008